Carbohydrate

The chemical formula of carbohydrate is \mathrm{C}m(\mathrm{H_2O})n and carbohydrate is classified as sacharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides according to the degree of polymerization. Saccharides include monosaccharides, i.e. glucose, fructose and galactose, and disaccharides, i.e. sucrose, lactose and maltose, and oligosaccharides include maltooligosaccharide and oligosaccharide including non-glucose monosaccharides, respectively. Polysaccharides include starch, i.e. amylose and amylopectin and non-starch polysaccharides, i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, respectively. Most of dietary fiber from diet is indigestible non-starch polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates have 4 kcal/g energy and alcohol have 7 kcal/g energy, respectively. Carbohydrates digested and absorbed in the small intestine is processed in the liver and supplied as glucose for brain, nervous tissue, renal tubules, testis and skeletal muscle with lack of oxygen.

The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010 edition had set 50-70 % energy as target amount of estimated energy requirement in adult and child and 50-65 % energy as target amount in 2015 edition, respectively. Both of them have not set in infant, pregnant and lactation.

The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese of Carbohydrate (2015 edition) (% energy)
Gender Male Female
Age Target amount (median) Target amount (median)
0-5 M
6-11 M
1-2 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
3-5 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
6-7 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
8-9 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
10-11 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
12-14 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
15-17 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
18-29 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
30-49 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
50-69 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
70- 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
Pregnant
Lactation
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese of Carbohydrate (2015 edition) (% energy)
Gender Male Female
Age Target amount (range) Target amount (range)
0-5 M
6-11 M
1-2 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
3-5 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
6-7 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
8-9 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
10-11 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
12-14 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
15-17 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
18-29 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
30-49 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
50-69 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
70- 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
Pregnant
Lactation

References:
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Carbohydrate (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) Carbohydrate (pdf)

炭水化物

 炭水化物は \mathrm{C}m(\mathrm{H_2O})n からなり,重合度によって糖類,少糖類,多糖類に分類されます.糖類には単糖類(ぶどう糖,果糖,ガラクトース)および二糖類(しょ糖,乳糖,麦芽糖)があり,少糖類にはマルトオリゴ糖とぶどう糖以外の単糖類を含むオリゴ糖があります.多糖類にはでんぷん(アミロース,アミロペクチン)と非でんぷん性多糖類(セルロース,ヘミセルロース,ペクチン)があります.食事から摂取する食物繊維の殆どは非でんぷん性多糖類で難消化性です.

 炭水化物は 4 kcal/g のエネルギーを有します.アルコールは 7 kcal/g のエネルギーを有します.炭水化物は小腸で消化吸収されて肝臓を経由し,脳,神経組織,腎尿細管,精巣,酸素不足の骨格筋にぶどう糖として供給されます.

 日本人の食事摂取基準 2010 年版では成人および小児について推定エネルギー必要量の 50-70 % E を目標量として設定されていましたが, 2015 年版では 50-65 % E が目標量として設定されました.ただし,推定平均必要量,推奨量,耐用上限量,目安量のいずれも設定されませんでした.いずれの基準においても乳児,妊婦および授乳婦については設定されていません.

炭水化物の食事摂取基準(2015 年版) (% energy)
性別 男性 女性
年齢 目標量(中央値) 目標量(中央値)
0-5 M
6-11 M
1-2 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
3-5 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
6-7 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
8-9 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
10-11 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
12-14 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
15-17 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
18-29 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
30-49 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
50-69 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
70- 50-65 (57.5) 50-65 (57.5)
妊婦
授乳婦
炭水化物の食事摂取基準(2010 年版) (% energy)
性別 男性 女性
年齢 目標量(範囲) 目標量(範囲)
0-5 M
6-11 M
1-2 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
3-5 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
6-7 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
8-9 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
10-11 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
12-14 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
15-17 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
18-29 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
30-49 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
50-69 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
70- 50 ≤ < 70 50 ≤ < 70
妊婦
授乳婦

参照:
日本人の食事摂取基準(2015 年版)炭水化物 (pdf)
日本人の食事摂取基準(2010 年版)炭水化物 (pdf)