月: 2014年12月

Vitamin B2

The chemical name of vitamin B2 is riboflavin. The Dietary Reference Intakes of vitamin B2 has been set as amount of riboflavin. When vitamin B2 bind to a phosphoric acid, it becomes flavin mononucleotide (FMN). When FMN binds to AMP, it becomes Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). They are both digested and absorbed in vitamin B2 and are shown as the equimolar of activity of vitamin B2.

Vitamin B2 is involved in energy metabolism and substance metabolism as coenzyme FMN and FAD. It is involved in such energy metabolism as TCA cycle, electron transport system and β-oxidation of fatty acids. Vitamin B2 deficiency causes growth suppression, stomatitis, angular cheilitis, glossitis and seborrheic dermatitis.

Most of riboflavin in foods are present as FAD and FMN, they will be released with cooking and gastric acid. The released FAD and FMN are hydrolyzed with FMN phosphatase and FAD pyrophosphatase of small intestine mucosa and absorbed into small intestine epithelial cells by active transport. The relative bioavailability of vitamin B2 in the diet in Japanese is reported 64 %.

Although there are two methods for determining the required amount of vitamin B2, minimum amount necessary to recover from the deficiency and the inflection point of the relationship between intake and urinary excretion, they are not consistent. They thought that the water soluble vitamin are not excreted into the urine until they meet the required amount and urinary excretion is increased rapidly when they exceeds the required amount and have set the inflection point as the required amount. When the intake is greater than 1.1 mg/d, vitamin B2 excretion into the urine is increased depending on the intake (pdf), it is considered as the required amount.

The Estimated Average Requirement and Recommended Amount in adult and child

As vitamin B1, the minimum intake that excretion of vitamin B2 into the urine starts to increase has been set to the Estimated Average Requirement. Because the energy intake in the study was 2,200 kcal/d, the reference to calculate the Estimated Average Requirement in energy intake in 1-69 age is 0.50 mg/1,000 kcal. The Estimated Average Requirement has been calculated by multiplying the reference by the Estimated Energy Requirement in each age groups. The Recommended Amount has been calculated by multiplying the Estimated Average Requirement by recommended amount calculated coefficient 1.2.

The Estimated Average Requirement and Recommended Amount in pregnant

Addition for pregnant has been calculated because the vitamin B2 is increased in response to the energy requirements. Additional energy of pregnant are 50 kcal/d in first trimester, 250 kcal/d in second trimester and 450 kcal/d in third trimester, respectively. The additional amount are multiplied them by the reference of Estimated Average Requirement, 0.50 mg/1,000 kcal, the results are 0.03 mg/d in first trimester, 0.13 mg/d in second trimester and 0.23 mg/d in third trimester, respectively. However, because the energy demand in pregnancy is different in each person and the metabolism enhance especially during pregnancy, the value of late pregnancy has been set to the necessary amount of the entire gestation period. The Estimated Average Requirement of addition for pregnant is rounded to 0.2 mg/d and the Recommended Amount is rounded to 0.3 mg/d, respectively.

The Estimated Average Requirement and Recommended Amount in lactation

The addition for lactation is set to 0.5 mg/d by multiplying the concentration of human milk 0.40 mg/L by milk yield 0.78 L/d and divided by the relative bioavailability of 60 %.

The Approximate Amount in infant

The Approximate Amount of 0-5 months infant is 0.31 mg/d by multiplying the concentration 0.40 mg/L in breast milk by the standard mammalian amount of 0.78 L/d and has been set to 0.3 mg/d by rounding. The Approximate Amount of 6-11 months infant has been set to 0.4 mg/d.

Even if an excess amount is absorbed, excess riboflavin are excreted rapidly into the urine and it is considered that the there is small effect of overdose, then the upper limit has not been set.

The Dietary Reference Intakes of Vitamin B2 (mg/d) (2015 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount
0-5 M 0.3 0.3
6-11 M 0.4 0.4
1-2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
3-5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8
6-7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9
8-9 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0
10-11 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.3
12-14 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4
15-17 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.4
18-29 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
30-49 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
50-69 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.1
70- 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.1
Addition for pregnant 0.2 0.3
Addition for lactation 0.3 0.6
The Dietary Reference Intakes of Vitamin B2 (mg/d) (2010 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount
0-5 M 0.3 0.3
6-11 M 0.4 0.4
1-2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
3-5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8
6-7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9
8-9 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0
10-11 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2
12-14 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.4
15-17 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.4
18-29 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
30-49 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
50-69 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2
70- 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.1
Addition for first trimester 0.0 0.0
Addition for second trimester 0.1 0.2
Addition for third trimester 0.2 0.3
Addition for lactation 0.3 0.4

References:
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Water solublr vitamin (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) VItamin B2 (pdf)

ビタミンB2

　ビタミン B2 の化学名はリボフラビンで食事摂取基準はシボフラビン量として設定されました．ビタミン B2 にリン酸が一つ結合したフラビンモノヌクレオチド (FMN) それに AMP が結合したフラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド (FAD) は共にビタミン B2 に消化されて吸収されるため，ビタミン B2 と当モルの活性を示します．

　ビタミン B2 は補酵素 FMN および FAD としてエネルギー代謝や物質代謝に関わっています．TCA 回路，電子伝達系，脂肪酸の β 酸化などのエネルギー代謝に関わっており，ビタミン B 2 が欠乏すると成長抑制，口内炎，口角炎，舌炎，脂漏性皮膚炎を引き起こします．

　食品中のリボフラビンは大半が FAD や FMN として存在しており，調理・胃酸の影響によりFAD, FMN は遊離します．遊離した FAD, FMN は小腸粘膜の FMN フォスファターゼおよび FAD ピロフォスファターゼにより加水分解されてリボフラビンになり，小腸上皮細胞から能動輸送により吸収されます．日本人における食事中のビタミン B2 の相対生体利用率は 64 % と報告されています．

　ビタミン B2 の必要量を求める方法には，欠乏症からの回復に必要な最小量と，摂取量と尿中排泄量との関係式による変曲点とがありますが，両者の値は異なります．ここでは水溶性ビタミンは必要量を満たすまでは尿中に排泄されず，必要量を超えると急激に尿中排泄量が増大するとの考えから，変曲点を必要量とすることとします．摂取量が 1.1 mg/d を超えると摂取量に依存して尿中ビタミン B2 排泄量が増大する (pdf)ことから，これを必要量と考えます．

成人・小児の推定平均必要量・推奨量

　ビタミン B1 と同じく，尿中にビタミン B2 の排泄量が増加し始める最小摂取量を推定平均必要量としました．実験時のエネルギー摂取量が 2,200 kcal/d であったため，1-69 歳におけるエネルギー摂取量あたりの推定平均必要量を算定するための参照値は 0.50 mg/1,000 kcal です．この参照値に年齢区分ごとの推定エネルギー必要量を乗じて推定平均必要量を算定しました．推奨量は，推定平均必要量に推奨量算定係数 1.2 を乗じました．

妊婦の付加量の推定平均必要量・推奨量

　妊婦の付加量はビタミン B2 がエネルギー要求量に応じて増大することから算定しました．妊娠によるエネルギー付加量は初期で 50 kcal/d 中期で 250 kcal/d, 後期で 450 kcal/d ですが，これらに推定平均必要量の参照値 0.50 mg/1,000 kcal を乗じると初期は 0.03 mg/d 中期は 0.13 mg/d, 後期は 0.23 mg/d となります．しかし妊娠期は個人によりエネルギー要求量が異なり，妊娠中は特に代謝が亢進するため，妊娠後期の値を全妊娠期間の必要量としました．妊婦の付加量の推定平均必要量は丸めて 0.2 mg/d とし，推奨量は 0.3 mg/d としました．

授乳婦の付加量の推定平均必要量・推奨量

　授乳婦の付加量は，母乳中の濃度 0.40 mg/L に泌乳量 0.78 L/d を乗じ，相対生体利用率 60 % で除して算出し，0.5 mg/d としました．

乳児の目安量

　0-5 ヶ月児の乳児の目安量は母乳中の濃度 0.40 mg/L に基準哺乳量 0.78 L/d を乗じて 0.31 mg/d となり，丸めて 0.3 mg/d としました．6-11 ヶ月児の目安量は 0.4 mg/d としました．

　リボフラビンは過剰量が吸収されても余剰は速やかに尿中に排泄され過剰摂取による影響を受けにくいため，耐用上限量は設定しませんでした．

ビタミン B2 の食事摂取基準 (mg/d) （2015 年版）
性別 男性 女性
年齢 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量
0-5 M 0.3 0.3
6-11 M 0.4 0.4
1-2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
3-5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8
6-7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9
8-9 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0
10-11 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.3
12-14 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4
15-17 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.4
18-29 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
30-49 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
50-69 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.1
70- 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.1
妊婦付加量 0.2 0.3
授乳婦付加量 0.3 0.6
ビタミン B2 の食事摂取基準 (mg/d) （2010 年版）
性別 男性 女性
年齢 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量
0-5 M 0.3 0.3
6-11 M 0.4 0.4
1-2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
3-5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8
6-7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9
8-9 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0
10-11 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2
12-14 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.4
15-17 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.4
18-29 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
30-49 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2
50-69 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2
70- 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.1
妊娠初期付加量 0.0 0.0
妊娠中期付加量 0.1 0.2
妊娠後期付加量 0.2 0.3
授乳婦付加量 0.3 0.4

参照：
日本人の食事摂取基準（2015 年版）水溶性ビタミン (pdf)
日本人の食事摂取基準（2010 年版）ビタミン B2 (pdf)

Vitamin B1

The chemical name of vitamin B1 is thiamine. The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese has set the amount of thiamine hydrochloride. Vitamin B1 is involved in glucose metabolism and branch amino acid metabolism, the deficiency of vitamin B1 causes beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The excess of vitamin B1 causes headache, irritation, insomnia, rapid pulse, weakened, contact dermatitis and itching.

Vitamin B1 in food is present bound to the enzyme protein as thiamine diphosphate (TDP). As foods is cooked and processed and enzyme protein is released from most of TDP with gastric acid, TDP is hydrolyzed in the digestive tract to thiamine and absorbed in the small intestine. The relative bioavailability of vitamin B1 has been reported 60%​​..

In adult and child, the required amount of vitamin B1 has been determined from the inflection point in the relationship between the urinary excretion and intake. In general, water soluble vitamins more than the required amount are excreted into the urine. The intake of vitamin B1 that increases to excrete into the urine has been determined the Estimated Average Requirement of vitamin B1. In the meta-analysis that has been reported in 18 countries, the inflection point is 0.35 mg/1,000 kcal as thiamine and 0.45 mg/1,000 kcal as thiamine hydrochloride. The point of value has been set to　the reference value of the Estimated Average Requirement calculation of 1-69 years of age group, multiplied by Estimated Energy Requirement and determined Estimated Average Requirement. The recommended amount has been determined by multiplying the Estimated Average Requirement by Recommended Amount calculation coefficient 1.2.

Because energy requirements during pregnancy varies with each individual and the metabolism is enhanced, the additional amount 0.2 mg/d has been applied to the first trimester pregnancy and the second trimester pregnancy.

For the additional amount of lactation, the approximate amount has been set to 0.169 mg/d, with multiplying concentration in human milk 0.13 mg/L by milk yield 0.78 L/d and dividing by the relative bioavailability 60 % and rounded to 0.2 mg/d.

In 0-5 months infant, the approximate amount has been set to 0.10 mg/d by multiplying the concentration of human milk 0.13 mg/L by standard mammals amount 0.78 L/d. In 6-11 months infant, the approximate amount has been set to the rounded average between the extrapolated value of 0-5 months infant and the extrapolated amount of adult.

　Although there are some reports of clinical symptoms with high intake of thiamine, it is insufficient to set the upper limit, therefore the upper limit has not been set.

The Dietary Reference of Vitamin B1 (mg/d) (2015 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount
0-5 M 0.1 0.1
6-11 M 0.2 0.2
1-2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
3-5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
6-7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
8-9 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9
10-11 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1
12-14 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.3
15-17 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2
18-29 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
30-49 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
50-69 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0
70- 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9
Addition for Pregnant 0.2 0.2
Addition for Lactation 0.2 0.2
The Dietary Reference of Vitamin B1 (mg/d) (2010 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount
0-5 M 0.1 0.1
6-11 M 0.3 0.3
1-2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5
3-5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
6-7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
8-9 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.0
10-11 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1
12-14 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2
15-17 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2
18-29 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
30-49 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
50-69 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0
70- 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9
Addition for First Trimester 0.0 0.0
Addition for Second Trimester 0.1 0.1
Addition for Third Trimester 0.2 0.2
Addition for Lactation 0.2 0.2

References:
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Water Soluble Vitamin (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) Vitamin B1 (pdf)

ビタミンB1

　ビタミン B1 の化学名はチアミンといいます．食事摂取基準ではチアミン塩酸塩量として設定しました．ビタミン B1 はグルコース代謝と分枝アミノ酸代謝に関与しており，欠乏により脚気，ウェルニッケ・コルサコフ症候群を起こします．ビタミン B1 過剰は頭痛，苛立ち，不眠，速脈，脆弱化，接触皮膚炎，痒みなどを起こします．

　食品中のビタミン B1 はチアミンジリン酸 (TDP) として酵素たんぱく質と結合して存在しています．食品が調理加工され胃酸のもとで大部分の TDP から酵素たんぱく質が遊離し，消化管内で加水分解されてチアミンとなり，小腸で吸収されます．ビタミン B1 の相対生体利用率は 60 % と報告されています．

　成人および小児について，ビタミン B1 の必要量を摂取量と尿中排泄量との関係式における変曲点から求めました．一般的に，水溶性ビタミンは必要量を超えると尿中に排泄されるようになります．尿中にビタミン B1 排泄量が増加し始める摂取量を推定平均必要量としました．18 ヶ国から報告されたデータをメタ解析すると，チアミンとして 0.35 mg/1,000 kcal, チアミン塩酸塩として 0.45 mg/1,000 kcal となります．この値を 1-69 歳の推定平均必要量算定の参照値とし，推定エネルギー必要量を乗じて推定平均必要量としました．推奨量は推定平均必要量に推奨量算定係数 1.2 を乗じて設定しました．

　妊娠期のエネルギー要求量は個人により異なり，代謝が亢進するため，妊娠後期で算定した付加量 0.2 mg/d を妊娠前期・中期にも適用しました．

　授乳婦の付加量については母乳中の濃度 0.13 mg/L に泌乳量 0.78 L/d を乗じ，相対生体利用率 60 % で除して 0.169 mg/d となり，丸めて 0.2 mg/d を目安量としました．

　0-5 ヶ月児については母乳中の濃度 0.13 mg/L に基準哺乳量 0.78 L/d を乗じて 0.10 mg/d としました．6-11 ヶ月児については 0-5 ヶ月児からの外挿値と成人からの外挿値との平均値を丸め目安量としました．

　チアミンを大量摂取した場合の臨床症状の報告はあるものの，耐用上限量を設定するに足る報告が十分でなく，設定しませんでした．

ビタミン B1 の食事摂取基準 (mg/d) （2015 年版）
性別 男性 女性
年齢 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量
0-5 M 0.1 0.1
6-11 M 0.2 0.2
1-2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
3-5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
6-7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
8-9 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9
10-11 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1
12-14 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.3
15-17 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2
18-29 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
30-49 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
50-69 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0
70- 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9
妊婦付加量 0.2 0.2
授乳婦付加量 0.2 0.2
ビタミン B1 の食事摂取基準 (mg/d) （2010 年版）
性別 男性 女性
年齢 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量 推定平均必要量 推奨量 目安量
0-5 M 0.1 0.1
6-11 M 0.3 0.3
1-2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5
3-5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
6-7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
8-9 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.0
10-11 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1
12-14 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2
15-17 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2
18-29 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
30-49 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
50-69 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0
70- 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9
前期妊婦付加量 0.0 0.0
中期妊婦付加量 0.1 0.1
後期妊婦婦付加量 0.2 0.2
授乳婦付加量 0.2 0.2

参照：
日本人の食事摂取基準（2015 年版）水溶性ビタミン (pdf)
日本人の食事摂取基準（2010 年版）ビタミン B1 (pdf)

Vitamin K

The Dietary Reference of vitamin K (µg/d) (2015 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Approximate amount Approximate amount
0-5 M 4 4
6-11 M 7 7
1-2 60 60
3-5 70 70
6-7 85 85
8-9 100 100
10-11 120 120
12-14 150 150
15-17 160 160
18-29 150 150
30-49 150 150
50-69 150 150
70- 150 150
Pregnant 150
Lactation 150
The Dietary Reference of vitamin K (µg/d) (2010 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Approximate amount Approximate amount
0-5 M 4 4
6-11 M 7 7
1-2 25 25
3-5 30 30
6-7 40 40
8-9 45 45
10-11 55 55
12-14 70 65
15-17 80 60
18-29 75 60
30-49 75 65
50-69 75 65
70- 75 65
Addition for Pregnant 0
Addition for Lactation 0

The nutritionally important vitamin K are menaquinone-4 (vitamin K2) widely included in animal foods and menaquinone-7 produced by Bacillus Nattou. Vitamin K activates prothrombin and other clotting factor in the liver and promote blood clotting. Osteocalcin present in the bone is a vitamin K dependent protein and vitamin K activates it to adjust the bone formation. If vitamin K is insufficient, blood clotting is delayed. However, vitamin K deficiency does not occur in the normal diet.

It is not known that how much the vitamin K produced by intestinal bacteria and the vitamin K synthesis in the living tissue meets the requirements of vitamin K in human, it is known that the vitamin K does not meet the requirements of the living from the report, Vitamin K deficiency from dietary vitamin K restriction in humans.

Vitamin K deficiency leads to blood clotting delay. In clinical, surgery, oral warfarin administration and long-term administration of antibiotics may leads to vitamin K deficiency. However, it is not known that how much vitamin K intake is needed to activate blood clotting. It is considered that the required amount of vitamin K for prevention of fracture is greater than the required amount for activation of blood clotting factor.

Although the approximate amount of vitamin K has been set based on the report that the subjects are 10 Japanese young men, Vitamin K deficiency from dietary vitamin K restriction in humans in 2010 edition, the report has been denied in 2015 edition because of the few subjects.

In National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2010 and 2011, the average intakes of vitamin K are 185 µg/d and 280 µg/d, respectively. In Japanese, the intake of vitamin K depends on Natto and the vitamin K intakes are 336.2 ± 138.2 µg/d in Natto in eater and 154.1 ± 87.8 µg/d in non-Natto eater according to the report, Vitamin K Content of Foods and Dietary Vitamin K Intake in Japanese Young Women. The approximate amount of vitamin K has been set to 150 µg/d based on the report.

Although it is considered to elevate the approximate amount of vitamin K in elderly, it has been set to the same amount as in adults because of insufficient reports.

The approximate amount in child is extrapolated by estimating the body surface area with 0.75 square of the weight ratio. It is known that vitamin K is insufficient in newborn baby, therefore it leads to gastrointestinal bleeding a few days after birth and intracranial hemorrhage one month after birth. Therefore, oral administration of vitamin K are recommended immediately after birth in Japan. According to the recommendation, the approximate amount of vitamin K has been set to 4 µg/d by multiplying vitamin K concentration of human milk 5.17 µg/L by standard lactation amount 0.78 L/d in 0-5 months infant. It has been set to 7 µg/d in 6-11 months infant from view of the dietary intake.

There are few reports of vitamin K requirement in perinatal stage. It is considered that there is no difference of vitamin K requirement between pregnant and non-pregnant because it is difficult to pass through placenta for vitamin K, therefore it has been set to 150 µg/d. There is no reports that vitamin K is insufficient in lactation, therefore the approximate amount of vitamin K has also been set to 150 µg/d in lactation.

The toxicity due to high dose of vitamin K is not observed, therefore the upper limit has not been set.


The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Fat-soluble vitamin (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) Vitamin K (pdf)

ビタミンK

The Dietary Reference of vitamin K (µg/d) (2015 edition)
性別 男性 女性
年齢 目安量 目安量
0-5 M 4 4
6-11 M 7 7
1-2 60 60
3-5 70 70
6-7 85 85
8-9 100 100
10-11 120 120
12-14 150 150
15-17 160 160
18-29 150 150
30-49 150 150
50-69 150 150
70- 150 150
妊婦 150
授乳婦 150
The Dietary Reference of vitamin K (µg/d) (2010 edition)
性別 男性 女性
年齢 目安量 目安量
0-5 M 4 4
6-11 M 7 7
1-2 25 25
3-5 30 30
6-7 40 40
8-9 45 45
10-11 55 55
12-14 70 65
15-17 80 60
18-29 75 60
30-49 75 65
50-69 75 65
70- 75 65
妊婦付加量 0
授乳婦付加量 0

　栄養上重要なビタミン K は動物性食品に広く分布するメナキノン-4 （ビタミン K2）と納豆菌の産生するメナキノン-7 です．ビタミン K は肝臓でプロトロンビンや他の血液凝固因子を活性化し血液凝固を促進します．骨に存在するオステオカルシンはビタミン K 依存性たんぱく質であり，ビタミン K はこれを活性化して骨形成を調節します．ビタミン K が不足すると血液凝固が遅延しますが，通常の食生活ではビタミン K 欠乏は起こりません．

　腸内細菌によるビタミン K 産生や生体組織内でのビタミン K 合成がどの程度ヒトのビタミン K 必要量を満たしているかは分かっていませんが，生体の需要を満たすほど多くはないことは Vitamin K deficiency from dietary vitamin K restriction in humans という実験から分かっています．

　ビタミン K 欠乏症が起きると血液凝固が遅延します．臨床的には手術後，ワーファリン内服中，抗生剤の長期投与後などにビタミン K 欠乏が起こります．しかし血液凝固因子の活性化に必要なビタミン K 摂取量は分かっていません．また骨折予防のために必要なビタミン K の量は血液凝固因子活性化よりも多いと考えられています．

　日本人男性 10 名を対象にしたビタミン K 欠乏食を与えた Vitamin K deficiency from dietary vitamin K restriction in humans という研究があり，2010 年版ではそれを基にビタミン K の目安量を設定していますが，2015 年版では対象者数が少なく科学的根拠に乏しいとしています．

　平成 22 年，23 年の国民健康・栄養調査でのビタミン K 摂取量の平均値はそれぞれ 185 µg/d, 280 µg/d です．日本人においては納豆を食べているか否かでビタミン K 摂取量に差があり，Vitamin K Content of Foods and Dietary Vitamin K Intake in Japanese Young Womenという報告では納豆摂取者のビタミン K 摂取量は 336.2 ± 138.2 µg/d, 納豆非摂取者で 154.1 ± 87.8 µg/d でした．これを基に 150 µg/d を目安量と設定しています．

　高齢者においてはビタミン K の目安量を引き上げる必要があると考えられますが，報告が十分でないため目安量は成人と同じ値に設定されています．

　小児の目安量は体重比の 0.75 乗を用いて体表面積を推定する方法で外挿しています．新生児はビタミン K 欠乏に陥りやすく，出生後数日で消化管出血をきたしたり，生後 1 ヶ月で頭蓋内出血を起こすことが知られています．そのため日本においては出生後直ちにビタミン K の経口摂取が行われています．それを前提として 0-5 ヶ月児では母乳中のビタミン K 濃度 5.17 µg/L に基準哺乳量 0.78 L/d を乗じて目安量を 4 µg/d と設定しました．6-11 ヶ月児では食事摂取を考慮して 7 µg/d を目安量に設定しました．

　周産期におけるビタミン K 必要量を検討した資料はあまり存在しません．ビタミン K は胎盤を通過しにくいことから妊婦と非妊婦でビタミン K の必要量に差はないと考えられ，150 µg/d と設定しました．授乳婦においてビタミン K が不足するという報告はないため，同様に 150 µg/d と設定しました．

　ビタミン K を大量摂取しても毒性は認められていません．そのため耐用上限量は設定されていません．


日本人の食事摂取基準（2015 年版）脂溶性ビタミン (pdf)
日本人の食事摂取基準（2010 年版）ビタミン K (pdf)

Vitamin E

The most of vitamin E in human blood and tissue is &alpha tocopherol that localize in lipid bilayer membrane of the cell and protect unsaturated fatty acid and other components from oxidative damage. In animal experiments, vitamin E deficiency leads to infertility, encephalomalacia, liver necrosis, renal failure, hemolytic anemia and muscular dystrophy. The excess of vitamin E leads to bleeding tendency. There is no deficiency or excess of vitamin E in usual dietary intakes.

The reported absoption of vitamin E ranges from 21 % to 86 %, the exact rate of vitamin E absorption is not known. There is a National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2010 and 2011 for Japanese as a research for α tocopherol intake. In adults, the approximate amount has been set from median intake and in elderly, it has been set according to adults. Because there is no reports about approximate amount of vitamin E in child, then it has been set according to the such median intakes in National Health and Nutrition Survey as in adults. In 0-5 months Japanese infant, the approximate amount has been set with multiplying α tocopherol concentration by standard amount of breast milk and in 6-11 months infant, it has been set by extrapolating the body surface area of 0.75 square of body weight ratio, respectively. In pregnant and lactation, it has been set according to the median intakes of vitamin E in pregnant and lactation in the National Health and Nutrition Survey between 2007 and 2011. The upper limits have been set from extrapolating of the body weight ratio of reference weight in each age group.

The Dietary Reference of vitamin E (mg/d) (2015 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Approximate amount Upper limit Approximate amount Upper limit
0-5 M 3.0 3.0
6-11 M 4.0 4.0
1-2 3.5 150 3.5 150
3-5 4.5 200 4.5 200
6-7 5.0 300 5.0 300
8-9 5.5 350 5.5 350
10-11 5.5 450 5.5 450
12-14 7.5 650 6.0 600
15-17 7.5 750 6.0 650
18-29 6.5 800 6.0 650
30-49 6.5 900 6.0 700
50-69 6.5 850 6.0 700
70- 6.5 750 6.0 650
Pregnant 6.5
Lactation 7.0
The Dietary Reference of vitamin E (mg/d) (2010 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Approximate amount Upper limit Approximate amount Upper limit
0-5 M 3.0 3.0
6-11 M 3.5 3.5
1-2 3.5 150 3.5 150
3-5 4.5 200 4.5 200
6-7 5.0 300 5.0 300
8-9 6.0 350 5.5 350
10-11 6.5 450 6.0 450
12-14 7.0 600 7.0 600
15-17 8.0 750 7.0 650
18-29 7.0 800 6.5 650
30-49 7.0 900 6.5 700
50-69 7.0 850 6.5 700
70- 7.0 750 6.5 650
Addition for Pregnant 0.0
Addition for Lactation 3.0


The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Fat-soluble vitamin (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) Vitamin E (pdf)

ビタミンE

　ヒトの血液および組織に存在するビタミン E は大部分が αトコフェロールであり，細胞の脂質二重膜内に存在し，不飽和脂肪酸や他の成分を酸化障害から防御しています．動物実験でビタミン E を欠乏させると不妊，脳軟化症，肝臓壊死，腎障害，溶血性貧血，筋ジストロフィーなどを発症します．ビタミン E 過剰症として出血傾向があります．通常の食事摂取ではビタミン E 欠乏や過剰が起こることはありません．

　ビタミン E の吸収率は報告によって 21 % から 86 % までとまちまちであり，正確な吸収率は分かっていません．日本人を対象とした α トコフェロールの摂取量との調査として平成 22 年および 23 年の国民健康・栄養調査があります．成人では摂取量の中央値を元に目安量を設定し，高齢者もそれに準じて設定しています．小児のビタミン E の目安量に関するデータはなく，成人同様国民健康・栄養調査の中央値を目安量にしています．0-5 ヶ月の乳児については日本人母乳中の α トコフェロール濃度に基準哺乳量を乗じて目安量を設定しており，6-11 ヶ月の乳児については体重比の 0.75 乗で体表面積を外挿して目安量を設定しています．妊婦・授乳婦については平成 19 年から 23 年までの国民健康・栄養調査の妊婦・授乳婦のビタミン E 摂取量の中央値を元に設定しています．耐用上限量は年齢階級ごとに参照体重の体重比から外挿し設定しています．

The Dietary Reference of vitamin E (mg/d) (2015 edition)
性別 男性 女性
年齢 目安量 耐用上限量 目安量 耐用上限量
0-5 M 3.0 3.0
6-11 M 4.0 4.0
1-2 3.5 150 3.5 150
3-5 4.5 200 4.5 200
6-7 5.0 300 5.0 300
8-9 5.5 350 5.5 350
10-11 5.5 450 5.5 450
12-14 7.5 650 6.0 600
15-17 7.5 750 6.0 650
18-29 6.5 800 6.0 650
30-49 6.5 900 6.0 700
50-69 6.5 850 6.0 700
70- 6.5 750 6.0 650
妊婦 6.5
授乳婦 7.0
The Dietary Reference of vitamin E (mg/d) (2010 edition)
性別 男性 女性
年齢 目安量 耐用上限量 目安量 耐用上限量
0-5 M 3.0 3.0
6-11 M 3.5 3.5
1-2 3.5 150 3.5 150
3-5 4.5 200 4.5 200
6-7 5.0 300 5.0 300
8-9 6.0 350 5.5 350
10-11 6.5 450 6.0 450
12-14 7.0 600 7.0 600
15-17 8.0 750 7.0 650
18-29 7.0 800 6.5 650
30-49 7.0 900 6.5 700
50-69 7.0 850 6.5 700
70- 7.0 750 6.5 650
妊婦付加量 0.0
授乳婦付加量 3.0


日本人の食事摂取基準（2015 年版）脂溶性ビタミン (pdf)
日本人の食事摂取基準（2010 年版）ビタミン E (pdf)