タグ: 2015

Estimated Energy Requirement

EER in male
EER in male

EER in female
EER in female

Estimated Energy Requirement

Estimated energy requirement (EER) in 2015 edition is as following table.

Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/d)
Gender Male Female
Physical Activity Level I II III I II III
0-5 (M) 550 500
6-8 (M) 650 600
9-11 (M) 700 650
1-2 950 900
3-5 1,300 1,250
6-7 1,350 1,550 1,750 1,250 1,450 1,650
8-9 1,600 1,850 2,100 1,500 1,700 1,900
10-11 1,950 2,250 2,500 1,850 2,100 2,350
12-14 2,300 2,600 2,900 2,150 2,400 2,700
15-17 2,500 2,850 3,150 2,050 2,300 2,550
18-29 2,300 2,650 3,050 1,650 1,950 2,200
30-49 2,300 2,650 3,050 1,750 2,000 2,300
50-69 2,100 2,450 2,800 1,650 1,900 2,200
70- 1,850 2,200 2,500 1,500 1,750 2,000
Additional Energy in Early Gestation + 50 + 50 + 50
Additional Energy in Midgestation + 250 + 250 + 250
Additional Energy in Late Gestation + 450 + 450 + 450
Additional Energy in Lactation + 350 + 350 + 350

Basal Metabolic Rate

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) for Japanese is based on basal metabolism reference value (BMRV). BMR is obtained by BMRV multiplied by reference weight (RW).

BMR in 2015 edition is as following table. A little difference is found in reference weight between 2010 edition and 2015 edition.

Basal Metabolic Rate in Reference weight
Gender Male Female
Age (years) BMRV (kcal/kg/d) RW (kg) BMR (kcal/d) BMRV (kcal/kg/d) RW (kg) BMR (kcal/d)
1-2 61.0 11.5 700 59.7 11.0 660
3-5 54.8 16.5 900 52.2 16.1 840
6-7 44.3 22.2 980 41.9 21.9 920
8-9 40.8 28.0 1140 38.3 27.4 1050
10-11 37.4 35.6 1330 34.8 36.3 1260
12-14 31.0 49.0 1520 29.6 47.5 1410
15-17 27.0 59.7 1610 25.3 51.9 1310
18-29 24.0 63.2 1520 22.1 50.0 1110
30-49 22.3 68.5 1530 21.7 53.1 1150
50-69 21.5 65.3 1400 20.7 53.0 1100
70- 21.5 60.0 1290 20.7 49.5 1020

Basal metabolic rate in 2010 edition is as following table.

Basal Metabolic Rate in Standard Weight
Gender Male Female
Age (years) BMRV (kcal/kg/d) RW (kg) BMR (kcal/d) BMRV (kcal/kg/d) RW (kg) BMR (kcal/d)
1-2 61.0 11.7 710 59.7 11.0 660
3-5 54.8 16.8 890 52.2 16.2 850
6-7 44.3 22.0 980 41.9 22.0 920
8-9 40.8 27.5 1120 38.3 27.2 1040
10-11 37.4 35.5 1330 34.8 34.5 1200
12-14 31.0 48.0 1490 29.6 46.0 1360
15-17 27.0 58.4 1580 25.3 50.6 1280
18-29 24.0 63.0 1510 22.1 50.6 1120
30-49 22.3 68.5 1530 21.7 53.0 1150
50-69 21.5 65.0 1400 20.7 53.6 1110
70- 21.5 59.7 1280 20.7 49.0 1010

Then I’d like to describe about basis of computation depend on such age groups as adult, child, infant, pregnant and lactation.

Adult

EER in adult is obtained by multiplying BMR, it’s obtained by BMRV multiplied by RW, by physical activity level (PAL). I’d like to describe about PAL at last.

\displaystyle \mathrm{EER\ (kcal/d)} = \mathrm{BMRV\ (kcal/kg/d)} \times \mathrm{RW\ (kg)} \times \mathrm{PAL} \\ \\ \mathrm{EER: estimated\ energy\ requirement}\\ \mathrm{BMRV: basal\ metabolism\ reference\ value} \\ \mathrm{RW: reference\ weight}\\ \mathrm{PAL: physical\ activity\ level}

If BMI is less than 30, basal metabolic rate for Japanese is obtained by following equation, the function of age, gender, height and weight.

\displaystyle \mathrm{BMR\ (kcal/d)}\\ = 0.0481 \times \mathrm{W\ (kg)} + 0.0234 \times \mathrm{H\ (cm)} - 0.0138 \times \mathrm{A\ (years)} - \mathrm{C} \\ \\ \mathrm{BMR:\ basal\ metabolic\ rate}\\ \mathrm{W : weight}\\ \mathrm{H : height}\\ \mathrm{A : age}\\ \mathrm{C : 0.4235\ (male), 0.9708\ (female)}

Child

EER in child is obtained by BMR multiplied by PAL and adding energy storage (ES). PAL in child is obtained by systematic review based on 24 studies in 2010 edition and 35 studies in 2015 edition, respectively.

\displaystyle \mathrm{EER\ (kcal/d)} = \mathrm{BMR\ (kcal/d)} \times \mathrm{PAL} + \mathrm{ES\ (kcal/d)}\\ \\ \mathrm{BMR: basal\ metabolic\ rate}\\ \mathrm{ES: energy\ storage}\\

Infant

EER in infant is obtained by adding total energy expenditure (TEE) to ES. TEE in infant is obtained by regression equation that has only weight as one independent variable according to FAO/WHO/UNU.

\displaystyle \mathrm{EER\ (kcal/d)} = \mathrm{TEE\ (kcal/d)} + \mathrm{ES\ (kcal/d)}\\ \\ \mathrm{TEE: total\ energy\ expenditure}

TEE in breastfed infant is obtained by following equation.

\mathrm{TEE\ (kcal/d)} = 92.8 \times \mathrm{RW\ (kg) }- 152.0

TEE in formula-fed infant is obtained by following equation.

\mathrm{TEE\ (kcal/d)} = 82.6 \times \mathrm{RW\ (kg)} - 29.0

Energy storage is the additional energy for increasing tissue in growing infant and child. Energy storage is as following table.

Energy Storage
Gender Male Female
Age (years) RW (kg) Weight Gain (kg/y) Tissue Increase RW (kg) Weight Gain (kg/y) Tissue Increase
Energy Density (kcal/g) Energy Storage (kcal/d) Energy Density (kcal/g) Energy Storage (kcal/d)
0-5 M 6.4 9.5 4.4 120 5.9 8.7 5.0 120
6-8 M 8.5 3.4 1.5 15 7.8 3.4 1.8 15
9-11 M 9.1 2.4 2.7 15 8.5 2.5 2.3 15
1-2 11.7 2.1 3.5 20 11.0 2.1 2.4 15
3-5 16.2 2.1 1.5 10 16.2 2.2 2.0 10
6-7 22.0 2.5 2.1 15 22.0 2.5 2.8 20
8-9 27.5 3.4 2.5 25 27.2 3.1 3.2 25
10-11 35.5 4.5 3.0 35 34.5 4.1 2.6 30
12-14 48.0 4.2 1.5 20 46.0 3.1 3.0 25
15-17 58.4 2.0 1.9 10 50.6 0.8 4.7 10

Pregnant

EER in pregnant is obtained by following equation. It’s assumed that weight gain at 9 months is 11 kg. Additional energy in pregnant is 50 kcal/d in early gestation, 250 kcal/d in mid gestation and 450 kcal/d in late gestation, respectively.

\displaystyle \mathrm{EER\ of\ pregnant\ (kcal/d)} \\ = \mathrm{EER\ before\ pregnancy\ (kcal/d)} + \mathrm{AE\ (kcal/d)}\\ \\ \mathrm{AE\ :\ additional\ energy}

Lactation

EER in lactation is obtained by following equation. Additional energy in lactation is 350 kcal/d. Energy content of human milk is 663 kcal/L.

\displaystyle \mathrm{EER\ of\ nursing\ women\ (kcal/d)} \\ = \mathrm{EER\ before\ pregnancy\ (kcal/d)} + \mathrm{AE\ (kcal/d)}

Physical Activity Level

Physical activity level (PAL) is an index of physical activity obtained by daily energy consumption divided by BMR. PAL is directly observed by doubly-labeled water method. A hydrogen atom is usually a proton with one atomic weight and an oxgen atom is 16 atomic weight, respectively. Stable isotope of them are deuterium with 2 atomic weight and heavy oxygen with 17 or 18 atomic weight, respectively. Doubly labeled water method is that titrate the ratio of excretion to urine of the heavy oxygen and deuterium. It’s the most accurate method.

Physical activity level in 2015 edition is as following table. The population was divided into 3 groups according to 25 percentile and 75 percentile, sorted in ascending order, I, II and III. The representative value of each groups are 1.50, 1.75 2.00, respectively.

Physical Activity Level according to age group in 2015 edition (Unisex)
Physical Activity Level I (Low) II (Middle) III (High)
1-2 1.35
3-5 1.45
6-7 1.35 1.55 1.75
8-9 1.40 1.60 1.80
10-11 1.45 1.65 1.85
12-14 1.50 1.70 1.90
15-17 1.55 1.75 1.95
18-29 1.50 1.75 2.00
30-49 1.50 1.75 2.00
50-69 1.50 1.75 2.00
70- 1.45 1.70 1.95

Physical activity level in 2010 edition is as following table.

Physical Activity Level according to age group in 2010 edition (Unisex)
Physical Activity Level I (Low) II (Middle) III (High)
1-2 1.35
3-5 1.45
6-7 1.35 1.55 1.75
8-9 1.40 1.60 1.80
10-11 1.45 1.65 1.85
12-14 1.45 1.65 1.85
15-17 1.55 1.75 1.95
18-29 1.50 1.75 2.00
30-49 1.50 1.75 2.00
50-69 1.50 1.75 2.00
70- 1.45 1.70 1.95

Reference:
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015 edition Energy (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010 edition Energy (pdf)