タグ: dietary reference intake

Vitamin B1

The chemical name of vitamin B1 is thiamine. The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese has set the amount of thiamine hydrochloride. Vitamin B1 is involved in glucose metabolism and branch amino acid metabolism, the deficiency of vitamin B1 causes beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The excess of vitamin B1 causes headache, irritation, insomnia, rapid pulse, weakened, contact dermatitis and itching.

Vitamin B1 in food is present bound to the enzyme protein as thiamine diphosphate (TDP). As foods is cooked and processed and enzyme protein is released from most of TDP with gastric acid, TDP is hydrolyzed in the digestive tract to thiamine and absorbed in the small intestine. The relative bioavailability of vitamin B1 has been reported 60%​​..

In adult and child, the required amount of vitamin B1 has been determined from the inflection point in the relationship between the urinary excretion and intake. In general, water soluble vitamins more than the required amount are excreted into the urine. The intake of vitamin B1 that increases to excrete into the urine has been determined the Estimated Average Requirement of vitamin B1. In the meta-analysis that has been reported in 18 countries, the inflection point is 0.35 mg/1,000 kcal as thiamine and 0.45 mg/1,000 kcal as thiamine hydrochloride. The point of value has been set to　the reference value of the Estimated Average Requirement calculation of 1-69 years of age group, multiplied by Estimated Energy Requirement and determined Estimated Average Requirement. The recommended amount has been determined by multiplying the Estimated Average Requirement by Recommended Amount calculation coefficient 1.2.

Because energy requirements during pregnancy varies with each individual and the metabolism is enhanced, the additional amount 0.2 mg/d has been applied to the first trimester pregnancy and the second trimester pregnancy.

For the additional amount of lactation, the approximate amount has been set to 0.169 mg/d, with multiplying concentration in human milk 0.13 mg/L by milk yield 0.78 L/d and dividing by the relative bioavailability 60 % and rounded to 0.2 mg/d.

In 0-5 months infant, the approximate amount has been set to 0.10 mg/d by multiplying the concentration of human milk 0.13 mg/L by standard mammals amount 0.78 L/d. In 6-11 months infant, the approximate amount has been set to the rounded average between the extrapolated value of 0-5 months infant and the extrapolated amount of adult.

　Although there are some reports of clinical symptoms with high intake of thiamine, it is insufficient to set the upper limit, therefore the upper limit has not been set.

The Dietary Reference of Vitamin B1 (mg/d) (2015 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount
0-5 M 0.1 0.1
6-11 M 0.2 0.2
1-2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
3-5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
6-7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
8-9 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9
10-11 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1
12-14 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.3
15-17 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2
18-29 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
30-49 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
50-69 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0
70- 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9
Addition for Pregnant 0.2 0.2
Addition for Lactation 0.2 0.2
The Dietary Reference of Vitamin B1 (mg/d) (2010 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount Estimated Average Requirement Recommended Amount Approximate Amount
0-5 M 0.1 0.1
6-11 M 0.3 0.3
1-2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5
3-5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
6-7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
8-9 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.0
10-11 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1
12-14 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2
15-17 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2
18-29 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
30-49 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1
50-69 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0
70- 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9
Addition for First Trimester 0.0 0.0
Addition for Second Trimester 0.1 0.1
Addition for Third Trimester 0.2 0.2
Addition for Lactation 0.2 0.2

References:
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Water Soluble Vitamin (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) Vitamin B1 (pdf)

n-6 Fatty Acids

98% of the n-6 fatty acids that Japanese intake is linoleic acid. The organism can not synthesize n-6 fatty acids. Therefore, they must orally intake them. According to the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2010 and 2011, the median of the n-6 fatty acids intake of Japanese were 10.0 g/d (4.3 %E) in male and 8.4 g/d (4.6 %E) in female, respectively. There are no reports required to set the Estimated Average Requirement for healthy people or no reports of dermatitis due to lack of n-6 fatty acids in usual diet, the approximate amount has been set.

Infant

The approximate amount for 0-5 months infant has been set to 4.0 g/d by multiplying the standard mammalian amount 0.78 L/d to n-6 fatty acids concentration of breast milk 5.16 g/L. The approximate amount for 6-11 months infant has been set to 4.3 g/d by calculating the average of the approximate amount of 0-5 months infant and of 1-2 years old child.

Adults and Child

The approximate amount has been set to the median of n-6 fatty acids intake based on the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2010 and 2011.

Pregnant and Lactation

The approximate amount for pregnant has been set to 9 g/d based on the median n-6 fatty acids intake in pregnant in the National Health and Nutrition Survey from 2007 to 2011. The approximate amount for lactation has also been set to 9 g/d based on the median n-6 fatty acids intake in lactation.

It is not fully understood of the risk of linoleic acid that it is ingested in large amounts because it is easily oxidized than such monounsaturated fatty acids as oleic acid. And it is concerned of the safety of high intakes of linoleic acid because linoleic acid generate such inflammation including substance as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Although the risk of overdose has been assumed for n-6 fatty acids, the approximate amount has not been set because there are no reports for Japanese subject.

The Dietary Reference Intakes of n-6 fatty acids in 2015 edition and 2010 edition are following table.

The Dietary reference Intakes of n-6 fatty acids (g/d) (2015 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Approximate amount Approximate amount
0-5 M 4 4
6-11 M 4 4
1-2 5 5
3-5 7 6
6-7 7 7
8-9 9 7
10-11 9 8
12-14 12 10
15-17 13 10
18-29 11 8
30-49 10 8
50-69 10 8
70- 8 7
Pregnant 9
Lactation 9
The Dietary Reference Intakes of n-6 fatty acids (2010 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Approximate (g/d) Target (% energy) Approximate (g/d) Target (% energy)
0-5 M 4 4
6-11 M 5 5
1-2 5 5
3-5 7 6
6-7 8 7
8-9 9 8
10-11 10 9
12-14 11 10
15-17 13 11
18-29 11 < 10 9 < 10
30-49 10 < 10 9 < 10
50-69 10 < 10 8 < 10
70- 8 < 10 7 < 10
Addition for Pregnant + 1
Addition for Lactation + 0

References:
The Dietary reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Lipid (pdf)
THe Dietary reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) Lipid (pdf)

Saturated Fatty Acid

In many intervention trial in America and Europe, decreasing saturated fatty acid intakes have been recognized to decrease coronary heart disease morbidity, atherosclerosis and LDL cholesterol. In JPHC trial for Japanese, positive correlation has been observed between saturated fatty acid and the onset of myocardial infarction. However, it is not clear whether the decrease of saturated fatty acid intake causes the increase of cerebral hemorrhage.

Adult

It is considered that excessive intake of saturated fatty acids is the risk of atherosclerosis, especially myocardial infarction. In order to prevent of the onset and the aggravation, it’s important not only to limit the intake of saturated fatty acids but also to increase of intake of unsaturated fatty acids. In each country, saturated fatty acids intake in adult has been recommended less than 10 %E. American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association have been recommended less than 7 %E. In National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2011, saturated fatty acids intake of 20 years old or older Japanese was 6.9 %E. Therefore, the target amount of saturated fatty acids in adults has been set to less than 7 %E.

Child

Although it is considered that saturated fatty acid s intake should be less than 7 %E because the excessive intake of saturated fatty acids in child may cause coronary heart disease and obesity in middle age, research and related epidemiological studies and intervention trials were not enough to set the target amount of saturated fatty acids in child.

The Dietary Reference Intakes of saturated fatty acids 2015 edition and 2010 edition are following tables. They have not been set in infant, child, pregnant and lactation.

The Dietary Reference Intakes of saturated fatty acids (% energy) (2015 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Target Amount Target Amount
0-5 M
6-11 M
1-2
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29 ≤7 ≤7
30-49 ≤7 ≤7
50-69 ≤7 ≤7
70- ≤7 ≤7
Addition for Pregnant
Addition for lactation
The Dietary Reference Intakes of saturated fatty acids (% energy) (2010 edition)
Gender Male Female
Age Target Amount (range) Target Amount (range)
0-5 M
6-11 M
1-2
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29 4.5≤<7 4.5≤<7
30-49 4.5≤<7 4.5≤<7
50-69 4.5≤<7 4.5≤<7
70- 4.5≤<7 4.5≤<7
Addition for Pregnant
Addition for Lactation

References:
The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Lipid (pdf)
The Dietary Reference Intake for Japanese (2010 edition) Lipid (pdf)