タグ: protein

Energy Production Nutrient Balance

Energy Production Nutrient Balance
Energy Production Nutrient Balance

Note

  1. The upper and lower limit of range doesn’t indicate a clear boundary. Then you should operate flexibly.
  2. You should consider the quality of lipid and carbohydrate. It means that it’s required to consider for the composition of fatty acids and saccharides, i.e. saturated fatty acid and dietary fiber.
  3. If you attempt to prevent the onset and the aggravation of disease, you should know the actual condition of the nutrient balance and determine the appropriate component ratio.
Energy Production Nutrient Balance (% energy)
Target Amount (Median)
Age Protein Lipid Carbohydrate
Lipid Saturated Fatty Acid
0-11 M
1-17 13-20 (16.5) 20-30 (25) 50-65 (57.5)
18-69 13-20 (16.5) 20-30 (25) ≤ 7 50-65 (57.5)
70- 13-20 (16.5) 20-30 (25) ≤ 7 50-65 (57.5)

Energy production nutrient balance isn’t described in 2010 edition. It’s described in the chapter of carbohydrate as following;

It may be appropriate to set target amount (upper and lower limit) that the appropriate intake of carbohydrate is determined as the difference between the estimated energy requirements and energy derived from enough protein and appropriate lipid.

The purpose of 2015 edition is avoiding of deficiency of various nutrients and prevention of onset and aggravation of lifestyle disease. 2015 edition has formulated the energy production nutrient balance as the ratio (% energy) of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in the total energy intake.

Energy Conversion Factor

The energy conversion factors of protein, lipid and carbohydrate are 4 kcal/g, 9 kcal/g and 4 kcal/g, respectively. The energy conversion factor of alcohol is 7 kcal/g.

Protein

The energy production nutrient balance ranges between 13-20 % energy. 13 % energy is equal to the recommended amount of protein and 20 % energy is equal to 2.0 g/kg/d. For elderly, pregnant and lactation, you should be careful not to approach to lower limit of the target amount. Even when energy intake is low, enough protein is required.

Lipid

The energy production nutrient balance of lipid is 20-30 % energy. 20 % energy is equal to approximate amount of essential fatty acid and 30 % energy is set according to the target amount of saturated fatty acid. The target amount of saturated fatty acid is set to less than 7 % energy from the point of view of prevention of onset and aggravation of myocardial infarction. Although the target amount of SFA for child is not set since they couldn’t obtain evidence, it may be better to care of overdose. And you should be care of the quality of essential fatty acid, i.e. n-3 fatty acid and n-6 fatty acid.

Carbohydrate

Alcohol is included in carbohydrate. Carbohydrate has been set as the residual of protein and lipid. When protein and lipid approach to lower limit, carbohydrate approaches to 67 % energy, it is not appropriate that the diet with rich carbohydrate may be highly purified cereals, sweeteners and alcohol. Then they have set the upper limit of the target amount of carbohydrate as 65 % energy. On the other hand, when protein and lipid approach to upper limit, the lower limit of the target amount of carbohydrate approaches to 50 % energy and you should be care of the deficiency of dietary fiber.

References:
The Dietary reference Intakes for Japanese (2015 edition) Energy Production Nutrient Balance (pdf)
The Dietary reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 edition) Carbohydrate (pdf)

Protein

RecommendeAmountProtein

The reports of protein have 9 pages and 73 references in 2010 edition and 14 pages and 119 references in 2015 edition, respectively.

Although upper limit of protein intake is not set in 2010 edition, it’s preferred that protein intake is less than 2.0 g/kg/d in adult.

It is focused on severity of disease in 2015 edition. If protein-energy ratio was greater than 20 % energy, the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, the incidence of cancer, bone loss and the increase of BMI would develop. Then it should be noted that protein-energy ratio should not be more than 20 % energy.

Estimated Average Requirement of indispensable amino acids (essential amino acids) has been described for only adult in 2010 edition and they have been described not only for adult but also for child and infant in 2015 edition, respectively.

Dietary reference intakes of the proteins of the 2015 edition is as follow table.

Dietary Reference Intakes of the proteins (g/d), Target (median) % energy) 2015 edition
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended amount Approximate amount Target amount (Median) Estimated Average Requirement Recommended amount Approximate amount Target amount (Median)
0-5 M 10 10
6-8 M 15 15
9-11 M 25 25
1-2 15 20 13-20 (16.5) 15 20 13-20 (16.5)
3-5 20 25 13-20 (16.5) 20 25 13-20 (16.5)
6-7 25 35 13-20 (16.5) 25 30 13-20 (16.5)
8-9 35 40 13-20 (16.5) 30 40 13-20 (16.5)
10-11 40 50 13-20 (16.5) 40 50 13-20 (16.5)
12-14 50 60 13-20 (16.5) 45 55 13-20 (16.5)
15-17 50 65 13-20 (16.5) 45 55 13-20 (16.5)
18-29 50 60 13-20 (16.5) 40 50 13-20 (16.5)
30-49 50 60 13-20 (16.5) 40 50 13-20 (16.5)
50-69 50 60 13-20 (16.5) 40 50 13-20 (16.5)
70- 50 60 13-20 (16.5) 40 50 13-20 (16.5)
Additional protein in early pregnant 0 0
Additional protein in mid pregnant 5 10
Additional protein in late pregnant 20 25
Additional protein in lactation 15 20

Dietary reference intakes of the proteins of the 2010 edition is as follow table.

Dietary Reference Intakes of the proteins (g/d) 2010 edition
Gender Male Female
Age Estimated Average Requirement Recommended amount Approximate amount Upper limit amount Estimated Average Requirement Recommended amount Approximate amount Upper limit amount
0-5 M 10 10
6-8 M 15 15
9-11 M 25 25
1-2 15 20 15 20
3-5 20 25 20 25
6-7 25 30 25 30
8-9 30 40 30 40
10-11 40 45 35 45
12-14 45 60 45 55
15-17 50 60 45 55
18-29 50 60 40 50
30-49 50 60 40 50
50-69 50 60 40 50
70- 50 60 40 50
Additional protein in early pregnant 0 0
Additional protein in mid pregnant 5 10
Additional protein in late pregnant 20 25
Additional protein in lactation 15 20

The recommended amount is based on the proteins maintain the required amount from nitrogen balance experiment, corrected in the digestibility of daily meal mixed protein, used to calculate the reference value of the Estimated Average Requirement calculation and is calculated the recommended amount by the addition of interindividual variability.

Recommended amount of protein (g/d) is product of Estimated Average Requirement and Recommended amount calculated coefficient. The Estimated Average Requirement is product of Reference value of the Estimated Average Requirement Calculation (g/kg/d) and reference weight (kg). Reference value of the Estimated Average Requirement calculation is obtained by dividing protein maintain the required amount (g/kg/d) by the digestibility.

Recommended amount calculated coefficient is 1.25. The digestibility is 0.9.

Adult

The proteins maintain the required amount of adult, that has been determined from the average of 17 studies examined the nitrogen balance maintenance dose of animal protein, is 0.65 g/kg/d, divided it by the digestibility 0.9, Reference value of the Estimated Average Requirement Calculation is obtained as 0.72 g/kg/d.

\mathrm{Estimated\ Averege\ Requirement}=0.72\times\mathrm{Reference\ Weight}
\mathrm{Recommended\ Amount}=\mathrm{Estimated\ Average\ Requirement}\times1.25

Elderly

Estimated Average Requirement of protein of elderly, that have been calculated from the pooled analysis using 144 data nitrogen balance of 60 subjects of five studies, is 0.85 g/kg/d (corrected by the digestibility).

Child

The reference value for calculation of Estimated Average Requirement in child the sum of the required amount of protein maintenance and the amount of protein accumulation. The Estimated Average Requirement is the product of the reference value for calculation of Estimated Average Requirement and reference weight. The recommended amount is the product of the Estimated Average Requirement and recommended amount calculation coefficient 1.25. The required amount of protein maintain is 0.67 g/kg/d.

Estimated Average Requirement and recommended amount of protein about child is following table. Predictive equation following is correct in 2015 edition, although predictive equation of 2010 edition is wrong.

Estimated Average Requirement and recommended amount of protein about child 2015 edition
Male child
A B C D E F G H I
Age (Y) Reference weight (kg) Weight gain (kg/Y) Body protein (%) Body protein accumulation (g/kg/d) Accumulation efficiency (%) Proteins maintain the required amount (g/kg/d) Utilization efficiency (%) Estimated Average Requirement (g/d) Recommended amount (g/d)
1-2 11.5 2.1 13.2 0.064 40 0.67 70 12.9 16.1
3-5 16.5 2.1 14.7 0.050 40 0.67 70 17.9 22.3
6-7 22.2 2.7 15.5 0.051 40 0.67 70 24.1 30.1
8-9 28.0 3.2 14.5 0.046 40 0.67 70 30.0 37.5
10-11 35.6 4.7 13.9 0.050 40 0.67 75 36.3 45.3
12-14 49.0 5.1 13.9 0.039 40 0.67 80 45.9 57.3
15-17 59.7 2.0 15.0 0.014 40 0.67 85 49.1 61.4
Female child
A B C D E F G H I
Age (Y) Reference weight (kg) Weight gain (kg/Y) Body protein (%) Body protein accumulation (g/kg/d) Accumulation efficiency (%) Proteins maintain the required amount (g/kg/d) Utilization efficiency (%) Estimated Average Requirement (g/d) Recommended amount (g/d)
1-2 11.0 2.2 13.0 0.070 40 0.67 70 12.5 15.6
3-5 16.1 2.1 14.1 0.051 40 0.67 70 17.5 21.8
6-7 21.9 2.5 14.1 0.045 40 0.67 70 23.4 29.3
8-9 27.4 3.4 13.7 0.046 40 0.67 70 29.4 36.7
10-11 36.3 5.1 14.6 0.057 40 0.67 75 37.6 47.0
12-14 47.5 3.0 14.8 0.026 40 0.67 80 42.8 53.6
15-17 51.9 0.7 11.9 0.004 40 0.67 85 41.5 51.8
\displaystyle D = \frac{B\times1,000}{365} \times \frac{C}{100 \times A}\\ \\ H = \left( \frac{D}{E} \times 100 + \frac{F}{G} \times 100 \right) \times A\\ \\ I = H \times 1.25

Infant

The target amount of protein in infant in human milk is 9.83 g/d in 0-5 months, 12.5 g/d in 6-8 months and 22.0 g/d in 9-11 months, respectively. The target amount in artificial feeding is 14.0 g/d in 0-5 months, 15.2 g/d in 6-8 months and 23.8 g/d in 9-11 months, respectively.

Pregnant

It’s assumed that the weight gain in full-term is 11.0 kg in pregnant. The additional protein is obtained indirectly by calculating the body potassium increased amount. Estimated Average Requirement is 0 g/d in early pregnant, 4.51 g/d in mid pregnant and 18.98 g/d in late pregnant, respectively. The recommended amount of additional protein is 0 g/d in early pregnant, 5.64 g/d in mid pregnant and 23.73 g/d in late pregnant, respectively.

Lactation

Estimated Average Requirement of lactation is 14.04 g/d and recommended amount is 17.6 g/d, respectively. The average milk yield per day is 0.78 L/d and the average of the protein concentration in human milk is 12.6 g/L, respectively. Conversion efficiency of human milk protein from dietary protein is 70 %.

Reference:
Protein (The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015 edition) (pdf)
Protein (The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010 edition) (pdf)